It is not the party of the John Redmond tradition espoused by John Bruton. His patriotic defence of neutrality, despite his antagonism towards de Valera, was a significant element in British assessment of Irish affairs. In January 1928 he visited the US and Canada, making radio broadcasts extolling the achievements of the new Ireland in both countries. He did contribute substantial entries on Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins to the DNB, and helped at least one of Collins's biographers. This is a video on Cumann na nGaedheal, the first Independent Irish Government. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Cosgrave was at pains to emphasise his view that the rising was an autonomous and legitimate act by the Irish people, not an outbreak conceived and carried out under German sponsorship. Sign in to disable ALL ads. I thought my turn would come next and waited for a rap on the door’. John A Murphy reflects on the 80th anniversary of the founding of Cumann na nGaedheal EIGHTY years ago today, Cumann na nGaedheal (CnaG) had its inaugural public convention in the Mansion House. In retirement after 1944, he appeared a somewhat solitary figure. The buffer state: the historical roots of the Department of the Environment, Defending Ireland: the Irish state and its enemies since 1922. In William Thomas Cosgrave …helped found the political party Cumann na nGaedheal (“Party of the Irish”) in April 1923 and became its leader—represented Ireland at the Imperial Conference in October 1923. He gained a reputation across the political spectrum not only for integrity but for efficiency. Cosgrave, a keen horseman, was chairman of the Racing Board from 1946 to his resignation in 1956; he was reappointed as a member of the board by the minister for finance, James Ryan (qv), in June 1957. The Dictionary of Irish Biography, a project of the Royal Irish Academy, is funded by the Higher Education Authority. 15 II, 30 Jan. 1932. Have a fact about Cumann na nGaedheal ? So Cumann na nGaedheal only successfully addressed the issue of uneconomic holdings in districts with untenanted land. During the second world war Cosgrave and other senior opposition figures supported the policy of neutrality. In effect over a quarter of the electorate in the first Free State election supported a party … These were attributes which, along with his instantly recognisable shock of fair hair, also served him well during his years in national politics after independence. Elected in December 1918 for Kilkenny North (which he represented until 1922), he was also elected for Carlow–Kilkenny in 1921 and represented the latter constituency until September 1927, when he was also returned for Cork borough, which he represented until 1944. This is a video on Cumann na nGaedheal, the first Independent Irish Government. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Given his background, the Irish parliamentary party would have seemed an obvious political home: through it publicans and other vested interests already had a stranglehold on municipal politics in Dublin, and were notorious for wielding their influence to obstruct efforts at civic reform. In 1933 it merged with smaller groups to form the Fine Gael party. The trip was not without its hazards – he survived a train crash that killed an engineer while en route from New York to Ottawa – but politically it was highly productive. It contrasted with the behaviour of his one-time party leader Gen. O'Duffy, who represented himself to the Axis as a Quisling in waiting. Sinn Féin won 27 per cent of the vote; a considerable achievement for a party many of whose members were in prison or on the run from the authorities. By 1919 he was a partner in an insurance brokerage with fellow Sinn Féin TD Joseph MacDonagh (qv); after Cosgrave's departure, the firm traded from 1920 as MacDonagh & Boland. They established law and order in the country after a decade of chaos and violence. He listed industries that had been crushed by English intervention, particularly deploring the ruinous taxation of whiskey, pointed to the ‘havoc wrought’ by the famine of 1847, and complained of the constant recourse to ‘coercion’ when faced with popular discontent. . The government had reposed considerable faith in the commission, believing that it would of necessity produce favourable findings which would lead to a significant accretion of territory and which might ultimately pave the way for negotiated unity with Northern Ireland. Cosgrave blamed de Valera personally for the treaty split, and avoided direct contact with him for decades. 16 Ibid. I was not impressed with gaining a moral victory’, although he accepted that significant external developments such as ‘neutralisation of the British fleet by submarines, importation of arms on a large scale’, or the landing in Ireland of troops to assist a rebellion would alter the picture. This was achieved despite the need for secrecy and the constant likelihood of police raids. While in prison in Dublin he conferred closely with Ceannt and with Maj. John MacBride (qv) about the conduct of the courts martial and their probable outcome. Paying homage to the growth of fascism in Europe, and without a dáil seat, O'Duffy was an incongruous leader of a naturally cautious and conservative party, and he was eventually eased out in 1935. It was therefore ironic that almost the last significant public duty which fell to the aged President de Valera was to appoint Cosgrave's son Liam as taoiseach following the surprise defeat of Fianna Fáil in the February 1973 general election. Richard Mulcahy (Party leader 1944-59) was second-in-command to Thomas Ashe in Ashbourne. This article was most recently … This, together with a profound religious faith, and an attachment to the ideal of Irish independence, was to drive him in politics, firstly at municipal level as a reforming Sinn Féin member of Dublin corporation, as a member of the underground dáil government of 1919–21, and from August 1922 to March 1932 as head of the first governments of independent Ireland. Established a new police force, an Garda Siochana to replace RIC. In City Hall he made his name not as a firebrand but as an adroit reformer who mastered the art of steering committees towards desired conclusions. Moreover, the party has been caricatured as a conservative organisation with little affinity for the ideology of the Irish revolution. Cosgrave's young stepbrother, Frank ‘Gobban’ Burke, was killed by a sniper while on guard duty, something for which Cosgrave always felt partly responsible as he had encouraged him to join the Irish Volunteers. In March 1924 a faction of army officers with grievances about demobilisation and promotions threatened mutiny; in the midst of this challenge Cosgrave fell ill, and it was left to his cabinet colleagues to deal with the crisis. The extent to which Cosgrave should take credit for the achievements and the failings of his ministers is one that all heads of government face. The 1923 land act succeeded in taking the land issue out of national politics; the Courts of Justice Act, 1924, reformed the legal system; and the creation of the civil service commission put an end – more or less – to the jobbery that had characterised Irish administration under British rule, producing an impartial and competent if highly cautious public service. 1900). The Cumann na nGaedheal government came into power in 1922, after losing both Arthur Griffith of a haemorrhage on August 12th and Michael Collins to an assassination in Beal na Blath, Cork. Cosgrave received honorary degrees from Cambridge University, TCD, NUI, Columbia University, New York, and from the Catholic University, Washington. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Fine Gael under Cosgrave then assumed an entirely democratic character. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The Civil War had not yet ended and a large military contingent protected the ministers and deputies among the 150 delegates present. With virtually no agriculturally viable untenanted land west Galway scarcely benefited. The decision to have an unarmed police forced helped restore peace and helped them to be widely accepted by the community. It changes its colours in response to threats and to pursue its own survival and success. He picked up further hints that a rising was planned, but like most of the Volunteers had no direct knowledge of what was envisaged for Easter 1916. What was the alternative to drastic measures in response? I have the greatest admiration for him’ (Mackenzie King diary, 30 Jan. 1928). . There is evidence that while de Valera came to regret the depth of that estrangement, Cosgrave did not. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. These included, lack of capital investment, absence of raw materials and intense competition from cheaper British imported goods. Cumann na nGaedheal found itself in very difficult circumstances in 1932. This proved to be an opportunistic crime, but might well have presaged a campaign of assassination. It stated Ireland would pay: Land Annuities RIC pensions In return, Ireland did not have to pay for military equipment supplied by Britain during the civil war. 1933 – Unemployment Assistance Act, National Insurance Act – improve benefits. Currently popular pronunciations. The Oath of Allegiance and the Governor General role was abolished shortly after he came to power. pronouncekiwi - How To Pronounce Cumann na nGaedheal. Always devout, whenever possible he attended daily mass on his way into Dublin. Under threat of assassination, he wrote a note forgiving whoever might kill him. Leader of the opposition 1932–44 Courteous as ever, in the aftermath of the traumatic election defeat he wrote to the celebrated rugby player Eugene Davy (qv), who had been persuaded to run as a Cumann na nGaedheal candidate in Dublin: ‘I much regret that my anticipations were not realised – but I would like to assure you that I was firmly convinced you would win. In 1900 he wrote to a national newspaper to protest in fiery terms at the city corporation's decision to present a loyal address to Queen Victoria: ‘it should be remembered that within three years of her majesty's accession . In 1910 Cosgrave declined an invitation to become a member of the oathbound IRB, refusing a further invitation in the week preceding the 1916 rising. The son of a publican whose small premises lay in one of the poorer parts of the city, Cosgrave observed at first hand the realities of the poverty and deprivation endured by the people of Dublin. Endemic inefficiency and corruption in local government were addressed largely through taking control of personnel and financial matters out of the hands of elected councillors and entrusting them to professional administrators, culminating in the introduction of city and county management in 1929 (an innovation denounced as undemocratic by de Valera, but one which his government strengthened in 1941). Achievements of Cumann na nGaedheal 1923-32. Yet no great storm broke about Cosgrave's head in the dáil, for the simple reason that his main opponent Eamon de Valera and his Sinn Féin TDs were still committed to their policy of abstention from the Oireachtas. Cosgrave met the challenge by forcing de Valera to choose once and for all between opposing the state and accepting it: the law was changed to invalidate the election of any TD who did not then take his seat. To Cosgrave's great disappointment, Fianna Fáil gained sufficient seats to form a minority government with Labour support. Cumann na nGaedheal (kuh-min na ngway-ul), which means "Party of the Gaels" was the party which formed the first government of the Irish Free State. Cumann na nGaedheal was a pro-treaty party that was led by William T. Cosgrave. They had two sons, of whom the elder, Liam (b. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Nevertheless, Cosgrave remained in office and his government continued to function effectively for another four years, despite acute economic difficulties as the impact of world economic depression spread to Ireland. 3 Mr de Valera speaking at Carrick-on-Shannon, declared that there was nothing Communistic or Socialistic in the policy of Fianna Fáil and nothing to interfere with the rights of private property. Farrell makes a particularly intriguing point about the social activities it offered party members. It is not Garret Fitzgerald’s social democratic party. Cumann NG Achievements/Law and Order/security 1The Irish Free State -existence on 6thDec 1922, one year Treaty. While on this trip his government lost a vote in the dáil, but once the whips did their job the crisis was overcome. ), Documents on Irish foreign policy, ii (2000), iii (2002); Eunan O'Halpin, Defending Ireland: the Irish state and its enemies since 1922 (2000); ODNB. His stated reasons were that he ‘had not kept a diary and had no papers of any sort’, and ‘was somewhat reluctant to rely on his memory . Led by Kevin O'Higgins, they defused it through a combination of appeasement and firmness. De Valera and his Fianna Fáil ran in 1932 on dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty under the Statute of Westminster following Cumann na nGaedheal’s refusal to do so. They had been the Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin during the Civil War, but with that over, they renamed themselves and set to work rebuilding the new state after two bloody and damaging conflicts. De Valera and refused to enter the Dáil. Cosgrave, William Thomas (1880–1965), revolutionary and politician, was born 5 June 1880 at 174 James's St., Dublin, second son among three surviving children of Thomas Cosgrave and his wife Bridget (née Nixon). For Cumann na nGaedheal adverts see 10-13 & 15-16 Feb 1932. He supported the treaty, despite earlier reservations about the oath of allegiance, as the best settlement that could be achieved. The intention was to block the movement of British troops from barracks to the west of the city towards the city centre. But Cosgrave was cast in a different mould. Thereafter he publicly defended the cabinet's decision and the treaty itself with resolution and without reservation. Dáil Éireann Elected in a by-election as Sinn Féin MP for Kilkenny city in May 1917, not long after his release from prison in England, after a turbulent campaign which led to a police ban on the carrying of hurleys, Cosgrave was henceforth involved with the political rather than with the armed-force side of the independence movement. Among his comrades was Cathal Brugha (qv), later to become the bitterest of all the anti-treaty leaders, who was wounded beside Cosgrave in the fighting. You can change your ad preferences anytime. pronouncekiwi. The accusation that de Valera was the Irish Kerensky was frequently levelled during the general election campaign of February 1932, but it did not have the desired result. The government wrote a democratic constitution. Much has been made of the intellectual abilities and energies of other members of the executive council, in particular the three lawyers Kevin O'Higgins, Patrick McGilligan (qv) and Patrick Hogan (qv), a coterie with a perhaps exalted idea of their own talents; on his death a former colleague, like that troika a UCD lawyer, spoke of the ‘strong personalities’ whom Cosgrave had around him: ‘You can imagine what it is to have a driver driving a team of high-spirited horses’. IFS - Dominion of GB-parliament/ Oireachtas-Dail Eireann and Seanad Eireann. When Lemass became taoiseach he sought Cosgrave's advice on aspects of cabinet government. The defence minister, Richard Mulcahy (qv), was sacrificed, the loyal general staff was purged, a judicial inquiry into army administration was announced, and although finally arrested the ringleaders were never punished. He was also an effective if not a flamboyant public speaker, able to make his case concisely and on occasion with sharp wit. When republican prisoners went on mass hunger strike that autumn, the government held firm and the strike broke. In the spring of 1916 Thomas MacDonagh (qv) told him that there would soon be a rising and asked him for his views: ‘I told him it would be little short of madness – as we lacked men and munitions . The governor general was treated with courtesy but otherwise was rendered a cipher. He was certainly not one to dictate policy or to interfere in details, but it does not follow that he failed to lead. Reputation As a pro-treaty political figure Cosgrave has sometimes been unfavourably compared with others, particularly the stellar Michael Collins and the ambitious and acerbic Kevin O'Higgins and his UCD-educated acolytes, as a man whose administrative skills could not obscure his lack of political talent and the poverty of his political imagination. Talk:Cumann na nGaedheal. The sudden deaths in August first of Griffith and then of Collins saw Cosgrave unexpectedly become chairman of the provisional government and president of the dáil government. He encountered some difficulties with the dáil minister for finance, Michael Collins (qv), who sometimes complained about Cosgrave – as he did about his other colleagues – to Éamon de Valera (qv), and he was criticised for slipping out of Dublin to lie low for a time in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday in November 1920. A minority Cumann na nGaedheal government ruled until the general election of 1932. Oath of Allegiance to King required. Cumann Na nGaedheal won 39 per cent of the vote, forming a government under the leadership of W. T. Cosgrave which remained in office until 1932. It is scarcely to the credit either of Cosgrave or of his party colleagues that they encouraged the British in this shortsighted approach, although it reflected the despair that had set in after their defeat left all that they had achieved, domestically and internationally, in the hands of the enemy. This work is a good read – especially for a younger generation … He and his colleagues pursued military and political victory with resolution and ruthlessness, particularly after the assassination of a pro-treaty TD, Seán Hales (qv), and the wounding of the deputy ceann comhairle of Dáil Éireann, Pádraig Ó Máille (qv). Listen to the audio pronunciation of Cumann na nGaedheal on pronouncekiwi. The queen's ministers, he concluded, were still bent on ‘the extermination of the Irish race’ (Irish Daily Independent, 12 Mar. This article is a case study of the failure of Cumann na nGaedheal land policy in west Galway. Within a year all 11,000 prisoners had been released, and their political leader de Valera had embarked on a tortuous journey towards acceptance of the new state and its constitution. The Garda Síochána was established, an unarmed police force which proved remarkably successful. When a German invasion seemed a real possibility in June 1940, he and de Valera spoke from the same platform in Dublin to urge Irishmen to join the defence forces. This forced de Valera's hand, and in August he took the plunge by accepting the oath of allegiance and bringing his new party Fianna Fáil into the Oireachtas. He was an active and diligent officer, and displayed initiative during the Howth gun-running in July 1914. Parliamentary life was harder and far more rancorous with Fianna Fáil in opposition. He joined the new party, and in 1908 he and twelve other Sinn Féin members were elected to the city corporation. ... Cumann na nGaedheal joined with two smaller opposition parties in September 1933 to form a new party headed by Cosgrave, Fine Gael (“Irish Race”), which became Ireland’s main opposition party. In 1931 his government, genuinely alarmed at the growth of communist influence on the IRA and also anxious to boost their electoral prospects, promoted a ‘red scare’ with the support of the catholic hierarchy. Cosgrave’s greatest achievement was to establish stable democratic government in Ireland after the civil war of 1922–23. Cumann na nGaedheal governments However enduring the bitterness left by the civil war, the transition from widespread lawlessness to almost bucolic calm was extraordinarily rapid. Cumann na nGaedheal also sent Ambassadors to many countries starting with the USA. Despite British pressure Ireland pursued her own course in the League of Nations, managed her own diplomatic relations, and became the first dominion to establish a legation in Washington. Dillon was Minister for Agriculture in the two inter-party governments of 1948-51 and 1954-57 under John A. Costello as Taoiseach. It would ruled Ireland from 1923-1932. His most resonant epitaph was provided not by his Irish friends or his foreign admirers – London was always inclined to think rather better of him than was strictly merited by his record of resolute pursuit of Irish interests at the expense of British imperial suzerainty up to 1932 – but by an erstwhile opponent. Cosgrave made a very favourable impression internationally, earning a reputation for modesty, for decency, and for economy with words. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Cumann na nGaedheal has been portrayed as a badly organised, ‘top‐down’ party that suffered electorally for its reluctance to match the structure and organisation of its main anti‐Treaty rival, Fianna Fáil. In such interpretations, Cosgrave held on to the leadership of pro-treaty opinion for over two decades largely by luck. Governor General (Lived in Phoenix Park) Garda set up (unarmed) Courts (copied British Model) Public Safety Act (wide powers of arrest) The Army … The Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King described him in his diary as ‘a fine character, simple, unassuming, [and] brave as a lion . These developments were Cosgrave's direct ministerial responsibility, as he dealt with external affairs until 1927. While a handful of Cosgrave's colleagues were intellectually attracted by elements of fascist ideology, Cosgrave and most of his associates saw O'Duffy and his organisation principally as a counterweight both to de Valera and to the republican movement, which had supported Fianna Fáil's election campaign in 1932 and which had constantly disrupted Cumann na nGaedheal meetings. There was also an element of excitement surrounding O'Duffy, who was as, Cosgrave well knew from O'Duffy's time as Garda commissioner, a charismatic but impetuous, bombastic, and unstable man who had little faith in parliamentary democracy and revanchist views on partition. Despite attempts by the egregious Garda commissioner Eoin O'Duffy (qv) to organise a military coup, a plan which Cosgrave knocked on the head, the handover of power was peaceful and smooth. An arrangement was signed in March 1926. The Independent called it ‘one of the best achievements in the annals of Irish journalism’.31 In 1925 Geary … I think this article should include reference to crises under Cumann na nGaedhael including the Boundary Crisis of 1925, when the … There were, however, obstacles on the road to normalisation. On 6 December 1922, on the formal establishment of the Irish Free State, Cosgrave became president of the executive council. W. Achievements of C na Ng Set up a new Irish State with a constitution • All men and women over 21 could vote • All TD's and Senators had to take the oath Set up an Irish Police … The most dramatic single event of Cosgrave's decade in power was the murder (July 1927) of the vice-president, Kevin O'Higgins, who was Cosgrave's heir apparent and widely recognised, not least by himself, as the ablest member of the government. 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