No, the dark reaction does not occur at night. Choosing the best NAD supplement is … the phosphate group which is attached to NAD. FAD/ FADH2 Side by Side Comparison – ATP vs ADP 5. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. glucose. 8.30: NAD and NADP act as conezymes for many degydrogenases where they are involved in transfer of hydrogen, causing either oxidation or reduction of the substrates. NAD :- nicotinamide dinucleotide. 2. No differences in body weight between the placebo and the ENADA -treated males were observed. Light provides energy to the plants through a process called photosynthesis. Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+, meaning that the latter features an extra hydrogen ion in its chemical structure. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? Co2  is utilized in the dark reaction. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. ATP molecules are generated. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important nucleotide found in cells. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) is also a coenzyme that involves anabolic reactions. Our NAD supplements are absolutely packed with NAD goodness as well as a blend of other … NAD and NADP act as conezymes for many degydrogenases where they are involved in transfer of hydrogen, causing either oxidation or reduction of the substrates. The hydrogen accepted by FAD is transferred to the electron transport chain for generation of ATP. In the light reaction, the light is absorbed and energy is used to drive electrons from water to generate NADPH and to drive protons across the membrane. NADH is the abbreviation for the naturally occurring biological substance, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride. NADPH stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen. nadph + nad + nadp + + nadh NADH and NADPH are water-soluble electron carriers that associate reuersibly with dehydrogenases. Because of the positive charge on the nitrogen atom in the nicotinamide ring (upper right), the oxidized forms of these important redox reagents are often depicted as NAD + and NADP + respectively. The main difference between apoenzyme and holoenzyme is … Not surprisingly, NAD and the closely related NADP are the two most abundant cofactors in eukaryotic cell. In the dark reaction, plants use carbon dioxide with ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to produce glucose. This molecule plays a crucial role in some of the chemical reactions that make up the process of photosynthesis. Glucose oxidase methods rely on one of the following approaches to produce a measurable signal: 1. Also, hydrolysis occurs and releases oxygen. NADH will deliver the hydrogens and electrons it picks up to process that make ATP. In order for NADP+ to transform into NADPH, the former requires two electrons and two hydrogen ions. NAD+ is a key co-enzyme that the mitochondria in every cell of our bodies depend on to fuel all basic functions. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. Following are the important difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation: Cyclic Photophosphorylation: Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation: Only … The “H” stands for high-energy hydrogen and indicates that this substance is in the most biologically active form possible. As stated above, photosynthesis occurs in two phases – light reaction and dark reaction. In the other reaction, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol where NADH2 acts as H-donor. It is a two-step process light reaction and dark reaction Content Guidelines 2. Main Difference – NADH vs NADPH. Steps Carried out in Light Reaction and Dark Reaction. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. Your email address will not be published. NADH – An analog of NADPH lacking a phosphate group, which functions in catabolic reactions. Both NAD + and NADP + are adenine nucleotides involved in the transfer of electrons between redox reactions. Example of NADP catalysed reacted are glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase etc. Required fields are marked *. NAD in its oxidized (after losing electrons) state is NAD+. Coenzyme A has a complex structure consisting of an adenosine triphosphate, a pantothenic acid which is a B-vitamin and cysteamine. 4. We will not be going into any great detail on these three phases here. Photosynthesis is the method in which, the phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP occur with the help of the energy in form of sunlight is known photophosphorylation. It is known as the energy currency of life (in all organisms including bacteria to humans) and its … Following are the important differences between light and dark reaction: It takes place only in the presence of light. What is ADP 4. The main difference between NADH and FADH 2 is that every NADH molecule produces 3 ATP molecules during oxidative phosphorylation whereas every FADH 2 molecule produces 2 ATP molecules.Furthermore, NADH transfers electrons to Cytochrome complex I while FADH 2 transfers electrons to Cytochrome complex II.. NADH and FADH 2 are the reduced forms of coenzymes, known … When it is transferred to a protein, this energy can be used to do something… The structures of riboflavin, FMN and FAD are shown in Fig. D NADP-malic Enzyme. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): NAD and NADP. AddThis. Photosystem I absorbs light at a wavelength of 700 nm, whereas Photosystem II absorbs light at a wavelength of 680 nm. In this article we will discuss about the structure and function of various coenzymes. The structure of coenzyme A, formation of a thioester and a reaction involving coenzyme A are shown in Fig. In the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH formed during light reaction drives the reaction and convert six molecules of carbon dioxide into one sugar molecule, i.e. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + /NADH) is the most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism. It can take place in the presence or absence of sunlight. Dark reaction is also called carbon-fixing reaction. Cobalamine acts as coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing intra-molecular transfer of carboxyl group. Two examples are cited below, one of reduction and the other or oxidation: Lactic acid is oxidized to pyruvic acid where NAD acts as H-acceptor. CONTENTS 1. The key difference between ATP and NADPH is that the ATP is the energy currency of many of the living organisms while the NADPH is the typical coenzyme used for the reduction reactions of anabolic processes seen in plants. Enzymes exist in our cells that can remove a phosphate from ATP and attach it to a different molecule-usually a protein (See Figure 3). An example of FAD containing enzyme is succinate dehydrogenase occurring in the Krebs’ cycle. Main Difference – Apoenzyme vs Holoenzyme. 8.38: Lipoic acid is involved in oxidative decarboxylation reactions, such as those catalysed by pyruvic decarboxylase or α-keto glutarate decarboxylase. NAD+ is a key co-enzyme that the mitochondria in every cell of our bodies depend on to fuel all basic functions. Difference between Cyclic Photophosphorylation and Non- Cyclic Photophosphorylation Photophosphorylation. ATP is the most important molecule which acts as the universal energy currency of the cell. The structures of some of these compounds are shown in Fig. Difference between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation. This molecule is typically at a lower concentration than its counterpart NADPH, which favors the release of the hydrogen and electron from … Answer Now and help others. We’ll explain the differences between these two forms and how … The end products of the light reaction are ATP and NADPH, also known as assimilatory powers. The reaction is shown in a simplified way (Fig. It is a two-step process light reaction and dark reaction Difference Between Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation Photosynthesis is the process of producing carbohydrates by green plants using CO2 and H2O in the presence of sunlight. NADH acts as a diffusible carrier, transporting the electrons derived from catabolic reactions to their point of entry into the respiratory chain, the NADH dehydrogenase complex described below. The electron goes to the positively charged N-atom and another hydrogen is added at the position shown in Fig. Also Refer: Photosynthesis in Higher plants. For more details on light reaction, dark reaction and the difference between light and dark reaction, keep visiting BYJU’S or download the BYJU’S app for further reference. In the absence of NADP +, differential absorption spectra support the existence of a high affinity complex between oxidized ferredoxin and semireduced ferredoxin-NADP + reductase. An enzyme reaction transfers the electrons from the protein to NADP + that forms NADPH (which has high chemical energy due to the energy of the electrons). One of the hydrogen ions is included in the structure of NADPH, while the other is released as a product of reaction. Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) acts as coenzyme for enzymes involved in transfer of one-carbon fragments, like formyl, methyl and methenyl groups. Choosing the best NAD supplement is crucial to getting all the benefits. Often referred to as coenzyme 1, NADH is the body’s top-ranked coenzyme, a facilitator of numerous biological reactions. The hydrogen of NADPH combines with CO2. Succinic acid is oxidized to fumaric acid by the enzyme. NADH is the reduced version of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is essentially a co-enzyme form of niacin (vitamin B3), present in all living cells. Therefore, it is known as the dark reaction. Think of the third phosphate as being a little sack of energy. One of the hydrogen ions is included in the structure of NADPH, while the other is released as a product of reaction. NADH acts as a diffusible carrier, transporting the electrons derived from catabolic reactions to their point of entry into the respiratory chain, the NADH dehydrogenase complex described below. The only requirement for a fermentation reaction is that it uses a small organic compound as an electron acceptor for NADH and regenerates NAD + . Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. It occurs during the day, but the reaction does not use the light directly. NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+, meaning that the latter features an extra hydrogen ion in its chemical structure. This energy is converted into energy molecules ATP and NADPH by using PS I and PS II. This energy helps the plant to grow. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+. But watch out; many NAD supplements are full of artificial ingredients and fillers, and some may not actually contain what’s listed on the bottle. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a cofactor central to metabolism. 8.36: The aldehyde group of PAL is the reactive group of the coenzyme which binds to the amino acid forming a Schiff s base. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are derivatives of the B-vitamin, nicotinic acid. Nadp is a see also of nad.... Noun ()(slang, mostly plural) testicle * 2004 , Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes (page 119) I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free. All these NAD+, NADH and NADPH are important co-factors in biological reactions. Moreover, many recent studies have suggested novel paradigms of NAD and NADP metabolism. The CO2-biotin compound is known as active CO2. A. NaDP+/NaDPH B. ribose-5-phosphate C. glucose D. ADP/ATP E. NAD+/NADH 1. The NAD coenzyme acts as a hydrogen acceptor in oxidation-reduction reactions. Here, the electrons combine with the protons – H+ which is produced by splitting up of the water molecule and reduces NADP to NADPH2. Let’s use NAD (NAD means generally both NAD⁺ and NADH) to explain the problem with the particular reaction of alcohol dehydrogenase: H₃C–CH₂–OH + NAD⁺ → H₃C–CH=O + NADH + H⁺ The phosphates in this molecule can supply energy to substrates in our cells. NAD + is the oxidized form of the molecule; NADH is the reduced form of the molecule. NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) are two main coenzymes utilized in almost all biochemical pathways. Future investigation into the metabolism and biological functions of NAD and NADP may expose fundamental properties of life, and suggest new strategies for treating diseases and slowing the aging process. ATP and NADPH help in the formation of glucose. Instead, we'll be focusing on two comp… NADP+ is created in anabolic reactions, or reaction that build large molecules from small molecules. Cellular respirationis the process of utilizing oxygen and food molecules to create energy, carbon dioxide, water, and waste products. 1. In order for NADP+ to transform into NADPH, the former requires two electrons and two hydrogen ions. Share Your PPT File. The sulfhydryl (-SH) group of cysteamine moiety of this coenzyme forms a thioester with the carboxyl (-COOH) group of the acyl-compound, such as acetic acid to produce acetyl-CoA which is one of the most important CoA derivatives. Where are the pollen grains formed in the flower? Plants make ATP from other sources such as metal ions and turn carbon dioxide into glucose. ... During these reactions, the NADP + molecules are … Anabolic Reaction – A reaction which uses small monomers to build large polymer molecules. ... Good. It contains thiamine, a vitamin of B-group. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide.NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD + and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. ATP and NADPH help in the formation of glucose. However, the main difference between NAD+ and NADP+ is the type of cellular metabolism. 8.30: NAD and NADP act as conezymes for many degydrogenases where they are involved in transfer of hydrogen, causing either oxidation or reduction of the substrates. What is ATP 3. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Key Difference – NADH vs FADH2 A coenzyme is an organic non-protein molecule which is relatively small in size and has the ability to carry chemical groups between enzymes and act as an electron carrier. When the light hits, chlorophyll a get excited to higher energy state followed by a series of reactions. FAD can accommodate two hydrogens whereas NAD accepts just one hydrogen. 8.37: These include lipoic acid (thioctic acid), biotin, tetrahydrofolic acid and cobalamine. Cells use a molecule called Adenosine Triphosphate(or ATP) as an energy source (See figure 2). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is one of the most important coenzymes in the cell. 2. The structures of TPP and ‘active’ acetaldehyde are shown in Fig. Some NAD containing dehydrogenases are lactic dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glycerin aldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase etc. The photosystem is the arrangement of pigments, including chlorophyll within thylakoids. Also Read: Photosynthesis. Share Your Word File When this happens, we say that the protein has been phosphorylated. Also Read: Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Glucose is produced. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, where they utilize the products of the light reaction. Electrons from Photosystem I am accepted by NADP and it does not return back. 3. NAD in its reduced (after accepting electrons) state is NADH. In comparison, NADP + is another coenzyme which serves as an oxidizing agent in anabolic reactions including photosynthesis. (With Methods)| Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods | Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments. 4. It takes place in the grana of the chloroplast. The light reaction occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplast. The thiazole group of the coenzyme molecule accepts the aldehyde group and transfers it to an acceptor via other coenzymes, like lipoic acid and coenzyme A. TPP is involved in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid. 8.34: An example of an enzyme complex involving TPP, lipoic acid and coenzyme A is the pyruvate decarboxylase. Abstract. NADH is necessary for cellular development … The H-accepting positions are shown in Fig. It’s up to your choice of either NAD or NADP as the cosubstrate will not just make affect the turnover rate of a redox reaction but also its a combination of free energy (ΔG). It takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. 1. Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD): 6. What are the factors which induce heart failure? The thioester bond is energy-rich and can easily transfer the acetyl- group to an acceptor. This is the difference between NAD and NADP. Only NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain c. Only ATP is produced in the citric acid cycle d. … But watch out; many NAD supplements are full of artificial ingredients and fillers, and some may not actually contain what’s listed on the bottle. Another THF mediated reaction is conversion of serine to glycine where the hydroxy-methyl group of serine is removed by THF. When it is transferred to a protein, this energy can be used to do something… TOS4. One of the hydrogen ions is included in the structure of NADPH, while the other is released as a product of reaction. What is ATP? Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. This chemical occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in the chemical process that generates energy. Following are the important difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation: The reactions catalysed by transaminases can be represented in a simple way as shown in Fig. Not surprisingly, NAD and the closely related NADP are the two most abundant cofactors in eukaryotic cell. NADH is the abbreviation for the naturally occurring biological substance, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are derivatives of the B-vitamin, nicotinic acid. In this transfer process, PAL acts as the acceptor of the amino group and is converted to pyridoxamine phosphate (PAM). NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. NADPH donates the hydrogen (H) and associated electrons, oxidizing the molecule to create NADP+. In contrast to NAD or NADP, the coenzymes of flavoproteins are more tightly bound to the apoenzyme. The same is true for its NAD counterparts. The first one is the reduced form of NADP⁺, the second is a nonsense. The substrate is thereby oxidized. This molecule plays a crucial role in some of the chemical reactions that make up the process of photosynthesis.NADPH is a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. In general, cells try to maintain a balance or constant ratio between NADH and NAD +; when this ratio becomes unbalanced, the cell compensates by modulating other reactions to compensate. NADH stands for "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)." Co2 is utilized in the dark reaction. NAD supplements are available everywhere from online retailers to your local convenience store. NADH – An analog of NADPH lacking a phosphate group, which functions in catabolic reactions. The structures are shown in Fig. 8.31: On reduction of FAD by addition of two H-atoms donated by a substrate, it is converted to FADH2. The first substrate for energy production is glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate, which reacts with ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NAD in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase: Coenzymes: Meaning and Classification | Enzymes, Sterilization of Bacteria: Top 4 Methods | Microbiology. The end products are ATP and NADPH. This molecule is typically at a lower concentration than its counterpart NADPH, which favors the release of the hydrogen and electron from … By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 12:29:50 PM ET. Which of the following represents a difference between ATP and NADH? Experiments were conducted with a 34-kDa ferredoxin-NADP + reductase homologous to the chloroplast enzyme and a … The water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen. Plants capture the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through stomata and proceed to the Calvin cycle. It is a light-independent process in which sugar molecules are formed from the carbon dioxide and water molecules. Think of the third phosphate as being a little sack of energy. Learn more about Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation at Vedantu.com and regisiter for Online Home Tuition with India's Best Teachers. Basically, respiration is how we convert food into energy using water and oxygen. The cobalt atom is held in the tetrapyrole ring and carries a cyano (-CN) group. Enzymes are biological catalysts that catalyze biochemical reactions that take place inside the cell. Here, the electrons combine with the protons – H+ which is produced by splitting up of the water molecule and reduces NADP to NADPH2. One of the main differences that can be seen between FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is in the difference of accepting hydrogen atoms. Healthy bodies make all the NADH they need using vitamin B3 (also known as niacin, or nicotinamide) as a starting point. Glucose is produced. … Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme present in biological systems. power (ex: NAD and NADP) • 2 electron, 1 proton carriers • cosubstrates: diffuse between different enzymes • NAD: primarily used in catabolism • NADP: primarily used in anabolism. NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a coenzyme found in every single living cell. Overview and Key Difference 2. An enzyme only becomes active when the cell needs to perform the biochemical reaction catalyzed by that particular enzyme. Difference between Light and Dark Reaction – Learn how these two processes vary from each other: ... NADP utilizes H+ ions to form NADPH. FAD and FMN are other redox currencies • Prosthetic groups: tightly NADP+ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. (3,4)NAD+ play a key role in communicating between our cells nucleus and the Mitochondria that power all activity in our cells (5,6,7)Scientists have now confirmed a direct link between falling NAD+ levels and aging in both animal and in human subjects. Which molecule controls the rate of the pentose phosphate pathway? Enzymes exist in our cells that can remove a phosphate from ATP and attach it to a different molecule-usually a protein (See Figure 3). 8.30. Both NAD and NADP are structurally similar but, NADP contains a phosphate group. 8.33: TPP is a coenzyme involved in transfer of aldehyde (—C—H) groups, like acetaldehyde and glycol aldehyde. 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